This week we learned about learning theories and Instructional Design (TPACK Model). Basically, these topics were not foreign to me because I have learned these during my first year. So, like what Dr.Fariza has mentioned, this would be some sort of revision so that we could recall the items involved in these two topics.
Topic 1: Learning Theories In the context of education, there are three main learning theories which include Behaviourism, Cognitivism, and Constructivism. The first theory is Behaviourism. According to this theory, all behaviours are taught through interaction with the environment or in other words learning occurs through the interaction of stimulus and response. This theory include the elements of reinforcement (positive & negative) and punishment (positive & negative). Positive or negative reinforcement raises the likelihood of an event occurring again, whereas punishment, both positive and negative, decreases the likelihood of an event occurring again. For instance, the teacher rewards the student by giving points/marks if the student answer the questions correctly (positive reinforcement). Whereas the example for positive punishment is when the teacher scolds the students who are texting during class. The next theory is Cognitivism. Cognitivism is a learning theory that examines how the mind processes, organizes, stores, and retrieves knowledge. It employs the mind as a data processor, much like a computer. As a result, cognitivism considers learning as internal mental processes (active mental process) rather than observable behaviour (behaviourism). Bloom's Taxonomy model is one of the model that can be used by teachers to understand the student's level of knowledge as it involves six levels of cognitive domain (remembering, understanding, applying, analyzing, evaluating, and creating). For example, teacher could ask various questions or give quizzes to determine the students' knowledge and cognitive level. The last theory is Constructivism. This theory states that rather than passively taking in information, learners generate knowledge. As people experience the world and reflect upon those experiences, they build their own representations and incorporate new information into their pre-existing knowledge (schemas). In other words, people actively construct their own knowledge & reality is determined by the experiences of learner. Examples of constructivism in classroom: conducting experiments (discovery learning). Therefore, as a future educator, knowing and mastering these learning theories is crucial as it will help us as teachers in connecting to all different kinds of students. It will also helps us to focus on different learning styles to reach different students and create teaching that focuses directly on student needs and aptitudes. As an educator, we should not only merely understand these theories, but also master it so that we could select the suitable theory and apply it during the T&L process. As a result, students will be able to achieve a meaningful learning process. Topic 2: Instructional Design (ID) Instructional design is the creation of learning experiences and materials in a manner that results in the acquisition and application of knowledge and skills. It is a theory that was developed to explain the set of knowledge that teachers need to teach their students a subject, teach effectively, and use technology. ID are important for every instructional designer (in education context, the educator) as it helps in the process of assessing needs, designing a process, developing materials and evaluating their effectiveness. An Instructional Designer needs to go through a process of well-thought stages before proceeding with their content development. To put it simply, we can refer to the diagram above which is the TPACK Model. TPACK/TPCK is the abbreviation for: T- Technological, P- Pedagogical, C-Content, K- Knowledge. As all of these component in TPACK are related to one another (e.g.: PCK (pedagogical content knowledge), TCK (technological content knowledge), TPK (technological pedagogical knowledge), thus, teachers need to acquire all of these skills to ensure the effectiveness in the teaching and learning process. To sum up, I believe that TPACK is an essential part of the education system today, especially during this pandemic, as it incorporates the growing demand on the use of technology in the classroom, continuing the focus on the content and how to teach it. Therefore, I will acquire as much skills as possible as in TPACK (especially technological skills) as a preparation to sets up education for the future as well as setting up the students for their future. Yours truly, Humairaa
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